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In 1919 a solar eclipse provided an opportunity to test the theory. One prediction was that rays of light would be deflected by a strong gravitational field. Published in 1916 as ‘Die Grundlagen der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie’ (‘The Foundations of the General Theory of Relativity’), it extended the special theory to include accelerated motion, tackled the problem of gravity and inertia, and led to a number of very precise predictions. While in Berlin, Einstein began work on his general theory of relativity, undoubtedly his greatest achievement as a physicist.
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He did not, however, remain long in Bern and after brief periods in Zürich and Prague, returned (1914) to Germany to become director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics in Berlin. Concluding that if a body emits energy E as radiation, it will lose mass E/ c 2 ( c is the speed of light), he came to the equation E = mc 2, which was later to explain the devastating energy source behind the atom bomb, about which he later warned President Roosevelt.Įinstein's special theory of relativity was accepted with remarkable speed and in 1908 he was invited to join the faculty at the University of Bern. The last paper, a short two-page work titled with an innocent-sounding question, ‘Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?’ (‘Does the Inertia of a Body Depend on its Energy Content?’, was perhaps the most inspired of all. The second paper, for which he won his Nobel prize, was a development of quantum theory to account for the phenomenon of the photoelectric effect. The first 1905 paper developed a formula for the average displacement of particles subjected to the Brownian motion and had far-reaching effects in providing evidence for the atomic theory. These principles enabled Einstein to predict that a body's mass increases with its velocity and the phenomenon of time dilation. Einstein proposed two simple principles: that the speed of light was constant irrespective of the velocity of the measurer or the source, and that the laws of nature are invariant in all frames of reference moving uniformly relative to each other. The theory was special because it dealt only with bodies at rest or moving with uniform motion.
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The third and most significant of these papers, ‘Zur Electrodynamik bewegter Körper’ (‘On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies’), contained Einstein's first statement of the special theory of relativity. His duties, neither onerous nor thought-provoking, allowed Einstein time to think about the physical problems that had puzzled him for many years and in 1905 he published four papers that revolutionized twentieth-century physics. As his academic prowess did not earn him the teaching job he sought, he began his career in the Swiss Patent Office in Bern (1902–08). Consequently, after a period of statelessness the young Einstein, who was then studying at the Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (from 1896), became a Swiss citizen (1901). At the age of fifteen, his prophetic dislike of all things German led him to persuade his father to allow him to renounce his German nationality. The son of a manufacturer of electrical equipment, Einstein was educated at various schools in Germany and Italy, where he failed to shine as either an apt or particularly compliant pupil. German-born physicist, a thinker of astounding insight, author of the special and general theories of relativity, and winner of the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics for his work on the photoelectric effect.